Diastereoselective Halogenation Reactions

A review of the last 10 years of diastereoselective halogenation methods is presented. They have been divided by reactions into alkenes, alkynes, and heterocycles. In many of the cases, the use of transition metals is described. In all of them, the mechanistic approach proposed by the authors and justifying the obtained diastereoselection is discussed. A miscellaneous section is also included in which allylic fluorinations, double bond isomerizations, ring expansion, and ring-opening halogenations are discussed.

Cruz, Daniel A.; Sinka, Victoria; Padrón, Juan I.

Comprehensive Chirality (2024)
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Geology of the Imdr Regio area of Venus

We present a 1:5,000,000 geological map of the Imdr Regio area of Venus. Geological mapping was conducted using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, altimetry and stereo-derived topography data from NASA's Magellan mission. The map covers an area of approximately 7.9 × 106 km2 and exhibits a variety of tectonic structures and units of volcanic origin related to the evolution of Imdr Regio and surrounding plains. We have differentiated primary structures related to the emplacement of the different units from tectonic structures that deform them. These structures are also organized between those that are regional in extent and those that are related to the evolution of local large tectono-volcanic structures. The units in the map area represent different geologic processes (e.g. volcanism) that took place during the evolution of the large topographic rise. Geologic mapping illustrates a complex evolution with different styles of deformation and volcanism in this part of the planet.

López, Iván; Martín, Lucía; D’Incecco, Piero; Lang, Nicholas P.; Di Achille, Gaetano.

Journal of Maps, 19(1), 2253832 : 1-13 (2023)
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Differential patterns of within- and between-population genetically based trait variation in Lupinus angustifolius

Background and aims

Within-population genetic and phenotypic variation play a key role in the development of adaptive responses to environmental change. Between-population variation is also an essential element in assessing the evolutionary potential of species in response to changes in environmental conditions. In this context, common garden experiments are a useful tool to separate the genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation. We aimed to assess within- and between-population phenotypic variation of Lupinus angustifolius L. in terms of its evolutionary potential to adapt to ongoing climate change.

Methods

We evaluated populations’ phenotypic variation of foliar, phenological and reproductive traits with a common garden experiment. Patterns of functional trait variation were assessed with (1) mixed model analyses and coefficients of variation (CVs) with confidence intervals, (2) principal component analyses (PCAs) and (3) correlations between pairs of traits. Analyses were performed at the population level (four populations) and at the latitude level (grouping pairs of populations located in two latitudinal ranges).

Key Results

Phenotypic variation had a significant genetic component associated with a latitudinal pattern. (1) Mixed models found lower specific leaf area, advanced flowering phenology and lower seed production of heavier seeds in southern populations, whereas CV analyses showed lower within-latitude variation especially in phenological and reproductive traits in southern populations. (2) PCAs showed a clearer differentiation of phenotypic variation between latitudes than between populations. (3) Correlation analyses showed a greater number of significant correlations between traits in southern populations (25 vs. 13).

Conclusions

Between-population phenotypic variation was determined by contrasting temperature and drought at different latitude and elevation. Southern populations had differential trait values compatible with adaptations to high temperatures and drought. Moreover, they had lower within-population variation and a greater number of trait correlations probably as a result of these limiting conditions, making them more vulnerable to climate change.

Poyatos, Cristina; Sacristán-Bajo, Sandra; Tabarés, Pablo; Prieto-Benítez, Samuel; Rubio Teso, María Luisa; Torres, Elena; Morente-López, Javier; Lara-Romero, Carlos; Iriondo, José María; García- Fernández, Alfredo.

Annals of Botany, 132(3): 541–552 (2023)
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The natural wine phenomenon and the promise of sustainability: Institutionalization or radicalization?

Natural wine is produced with organic grapes without the use of additives. As a social phenomenon, it comprises rural winemakers and urban consumers interconnected by a vibrant global community of distributors, bloggers, experts, and associations. Despite its continuous growth since the early 2000s, the movement has sparked global public interest since the French recognition of the vin méthode nature certification in 2020. Here we delineate the evolution of the natural wine phenomenon from its origins to its current situation. It will be argued that rather than a social movement or an alternative food network, natural wine can be better understood as a food phenomenon exhibiting a sustainable alternative mode of production and consumption that unites a loose coalition of diverse actors. In exploring the constant tensions involved in the ongoing redefinition of natural wine by social actors, we will analyze their different understandings of locality, naturalness, and ethical food production.

Alonso-González, Pablo; Parga-Dans, Eva.

Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 0(0): 1-10 (2023)
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Observing mineral dust in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe: current capabilities and challenges ahead for the development of dust services

Mineral dust produced by wind erosion of arid and semi-arid surfaces is a major component of atmospheric aerosol that affects climate, weather, ecosystems, and socio-economic sectors such as human health, transportation, solar energy, and air quality. Understanding these effects and ultimately improving the resilience of affected countries requires a reliable, dense, and diverse set of dust observations, fundamental for the development and the provision of skillful dust forecasts tailored products. The last decade has seen a notable improvement of dust observational capabilities in terms of considered parameters, geographical coverage, and delivery times, as well as of tailored products of interest to both the scientific community and the various end-users. Given this progress, here we review the current state of observational capabilities including in-situ, ground-based and satellite remote sensing observations, in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe for the provision of dust information considering the needs of various users. We also critically discuss observational gaps and related unresolved questions while providing suggestions for overcoming the current limitations. Our review aims to be a milestone for discussing dust observational gaps at a global level to address the needs of users, from research communities to non-scientific stakeholders.

Mona, Lucia; Amiridis, Vassilis; Cuevas, Emilio; Gkikas, Antonis; Trippetta, Serena; Vandenbussche, Sophie; Benedetti, Angela; Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla; Formenti, Paola; Haefele, Alexander; Kazadzis, Stelios; Knippertz, Peter; Laurent, Benoit; Madonna, Fabio; Nickovic, Slobodan; Papagiannopoulos, Nikolaos; Pappalardo, Gelsomina; Pérez García-Pando, Carlos; Popp, Thomas; Rodríguez, Sergio; Sealy, Andrea; Sugimoto, Nobuo; Terradellas, Enric; Vukovic Vimic, Ana; Weinzier, Bernadette; Basart, Sara.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: 1-116 (2023)
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Analysis of Aquifer-System Deformation in the Doñana Natural Space (Spain) Using Unsupervised Cloud-Computed InSAR Data and Wavelet Analysis

This work is focused on the Almonte-Marismas aquifer located within Doñana Natural Space (SW Spain); this aquifer is threatened by droughts, irrigation-driven groundwater overexploitation, urban use, and the potential reactivation of gas extraction and storage projects. We present ground deformation measurements from Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data ranging from 1 to 2.5 cm, covering ∼2,500 km2 from 2014 to 2020. Detecting spatially distributed ground deformation over this agricultural area is challenging due to the low-coherence radar signals; consequently, the ground movement results are on the same order of magnitude as the errors associated with InSAR data. We have approached this issue by considering auxiliary information such as groundwater levels, climatic time series, and pumping rates and analyzing their spatio-temporal connections to ground displacements. We correlate InSAR and hydrogeological information through wavelet analysis, developing a Python package that allows applying the same methodology in other similar study areas. For the first time in the Doñana area, a significant relationship between distances to pumping wells and the displacement extent is detected. Moreover, other subsidence-related triggering factors are identified, such as the soil moisture balance, clay shrinking-swelling processes, and creep of geological formations. These results are highly valuable to support aquifer management decisions in the Doñana Natural Space; in this border region, three groundwater bodies were officially declared overexploited in 2020. Our findings provide a ground motion baseline assessment to help differentiate historical variations from any future anthropogenic effect in this complex marsh land ecosystem.

González-Jiménez, M.; Guardiola-Albert, C.; Ezquerro, P.; Aguilera, H.; Béjar-Pizarro, M.; Naranjo-Fernández, N.; Bru, G.; Herrera, G.

Water Resources Research, 59(8) : 1-22 (2023)
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African desert dust influences migrations and fisheries of the Atlantic skipjack-tuna

Atmospheric deposition of desert dust and other aerosols influence on the open ocean ecosystem and climate. These aerosols provide iron, phosphorus and bio-essential trace elements, which affect the composition and growth of phytoplankton, generating new organic matter that is distributed across the food web. Although this process has an impact on upper trophic levels and fisheries, direct evidence is lacking. Skipjack tropical tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) is the most important commercial tuna in the Atlantic, main stocks occur in the tropical and subtropical North-East Atlantic. We found that the migrations and fisheries of skipjack are connected to Saharan dust variability. From boreal winter to summer, skipjack performs an Atlantic-Saharan migration, from equatorial (0-5°N) to subtropical waters of the North-East Atlantic (regularly reaching open waters off Mauritania ∼20°N and the Canary Islands ∼28°N), tracking the seasonal shift of dust deposition in the North-East Atlantic. The observed long-term associations of skipjack catch with the seasonal cycles, anomalies and meridional variability of dust over the North-East Atlantic, shows that along the year skipjack catches mainly occur in waters affected by massive dust deposition linked (i) to dust wet deposition in tropical waters and (ii) to dust dry deposition in the Saharan desert-dust outflow. Atmospheric deposition of dust in the open ocean and in upwelling waters contributes to support zooplankton-rich areas, which are optimal for feeding small fish, molluscs and cephalopods, and suitable for feeding large predators, as skipjacks, where they are caught in abundance. The most important fishing area of Atlantic skipjack tuna is located off North West Africa in the waters affected by massive dust deposition that underly the dusty airstream from the North Africa desert. The role of dust as fertilizing and supporter of phytoplankton and zooplankton rich areas also has implications for other species of fishing interest, including other tropical tuna (e.g. bigeye and yellowfin), which are often exploited simultaneously with skipjack by the same fisheries. As far as we know this is the first study showing the connexions between atmospheric inputs of desert dust to ocean and the migrations and fisheries of marine species. These results have important implications on our understanding on the influence of atmospheric dust on marine ecosystems and on the management of fisheries.

Rodríguez, Sergio; Riera, Rodrigo; Fonteneau, Alain; Alonso-Pérez, Silvia; López-Darias, Jessica.

Atmospheric Environment, 312, 120022: 1-11 (2023)
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Identification of potential invasive alien species in Spain through horizon scanning

Invasive alien species have widespread impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem services. Since the number of introductions worldwide is continuously rising, it is essential to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of new alien species through a systematic examination of future potential threats. Applying a three-step horizon scanning consensus method, we evaluated non-established alien species that could potentially arrive, establish and cause major ecological impact in Spain within the next 10 years. Overall, we identified 47 species with a very high risk (e.g. Oreochromis niloticus, Popillia japonica, Hemidactylus frenatus, Crassula helmsii or Halophila stipulacea), 61 with high risk, 93 with moderate risk, and 732 species with low risk. Many of the species categorized as very high or high risk to Spanish biodiversity are either already present in Europe and neighbouring countries or have a long invasive history elsewhere. This study provides an updated list of potential invasive alien species useful for prioritizing efforts and resources against their introduction. Compared to previous horizon scanning exercises in Spain, the current study screens potential invaders from a wider range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and can serve as a basis for more comprehensive risk analyses to improve management and increase the efficiency of the early warning and rapid response framework for invasive alien species. We also stress the usefulness of measuring agreement and consistency as two different properties of the reliability of expert scores, in order to more easily elaborate consensus ranked lists of potential invasive alien species.

Cano-Barbacil, Carlos; Carrete, Martina; Castro-Díez, Pilar; Delibes-Mateos, Miguel; Jaques, Josep A.; López-Darias, Marta; Nogales, Manuel; Pino, Joan; Ros, Macarena; Traveset, Anna; Turon, Xavier; Vilà, Montserrat; Altamirano, María; Álvarez, Inés; Arias, Andrés; Boix, Dani; Cabido, Carlos; Cacabelos, Eva; Cobo, Fernando; Cruz, Joaquín; Cuesta, José A.; Dáder, Beatriz; Estal, Pedro del; Gallardo, Belinda; Gómez Laporta, Miguel; González-Moreno, Pablo; Carlos Hernández, José; Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja; Lázaro Lobo, Adrián; Leza, Mar; Montserrat, Marta; Oliva-Paterna, Francisco J.; Piñeiro, Laura; Ponce, Carlos; Pons, Pere; Rotchés-Ribalta, Roser; Roura-Pascual, Núria; Sánchez, Marta; Trillo, Alejandro; Viñuela, Elisa; García-Berthou, Emili.

Journal of Environmental Management, 345, 118696: 1-12 (2023)
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Resurrection of Synema globosum canariense Dahl, 1907 (Araneae: Thomisidae) with comments on other synonyms within this genus

The thomisid spider Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) is widely distributed in the Palaearctic realm and is particularly common in southern parts of zones with a temperate climate. Seven subspecies have been described; the widely distributed nominotypical subspecies, S. g. globosum and six with much more restricted ranges. As of now, just two subspecies are still recognised as valid while the others have been synonymized with the nominate subspecies. This study now revalidates S. g. canariense Dahl, 1907 (subsp. reval.) based on findings from molecular and comparative morphological analysis. We also argue that the synonymization of the subspecies S. g. daghestanicum Utochkin, 1960 and the species S. japonicum Karsch, 1879 with S. globosum in Ono (1988) is formally correct, but needs further investigation with modern methods.

Lissner, Jørgen; Suárez, Daniel.

Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters, 65(1): 18-26 (2023)
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Rationale and Design of the Impact of Air Pollution Due to DESERT Dust in Patients with HEART Failure (DESERT HEART)

[Aims]: The main objective of this study is to determine whether exposure to Saharan dust causes airway inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with stable chronic heart failure (HF) and a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. [Methods]: A longitudinal study design is used, involving the inclusion of 40 patients with stable chronic HF and a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. Four sputum samplings will be taken from each patient, with one sampling taken each week over four consecutive weeks. The sputum samples will be used to analyze the degree of inflammation and oxidative stress. Air quality monitoring stations will be used to analyze the particulate matter (PM) exposure of each patient. The intrusion of desert dust will be identified using meteorological models. There will be 160 scheduled samplings in 40 patients with chronic HF. Mixed regression models will be used to assess the influence of the concentrations of PM (from the episodes of desert dust) upon the airway inflammation and oxidative stress markers. [Conclusion]: The results of this study will test the hypothesis that exposure to high concentrations of Saharan dust affects the normal function of the respiratory epithelium due to the imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant enzymes, thus causing increased pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with HF that in turn may facilitate decompensations of their background disease condition.

Domínguez-Rodríguez, Alberto; Avanzas, Pablo; Báez-Ferrer, Néstor; Abreu-González, Pedro; Rodríguez, Sergio; Matos-Castro, Sebastian; Hernández-Vaquero, Daniel.

Journal of Clinical Medicine 12(15): 4990 (2023)
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